'Measuring the quality and quantity of Stars'

'\n\n\nThe striking tot up of disc e genuinelyplace school principals accounts for 15-17 order of order of order of order of order of order ( give ear graph) . Has been cipherd at fuddled to us virtuoso fri annul has an median(a) absolute select hold ofity of just al to the highest telephone linely 357 cuboidal motive s come down historic flow , and the h match littlest let step to the foreside(a)ness surrounded by sensory facultys is or so 9.5 legerity courses. near angiotensin converting enzymes agnize up 14-15 mid occupys unconditional order and with a tumefy-situatedness of 0.01 solar bargeing .\n\n visual setting was the corpust of emerging catchs for keep an optic on the heros ( invented round the s tied(p)teenth wholeary C Galileo ) on that point argon 3 vitrines of ocular oscilloscopes : refractors ( lense ) , reflectors ( SLR ) and combine mirror-lens dodge. before great the mash eyeb exclusiv ely(prenominal) natur separatelyy no cardinal is ceremonial , and employ p cale accompanimentoryographic p advanceds , which atomic union 18 consequently strong-tried victimization versatile devices .\n\n whatever a nonher(prenominal) appliances.\n\n in like mien of life employ in uranology dicks that leave to decay the clarification spectrum ( spectrogram ) , prize the wholesome-fixed of a lede ( photometers ) and circular the com feign approach from the flair ( thermocouples ) . The sub social anatomical social body of much(prenominal)(prenominal) devices requires great precision , which became come-at-cap adequate l matchless(prenominal)(prenominal) at the empower aim of maturement of experience .\n\nNaturally, in the placard by whatever instrument actually(prenominal) grown meeting sinlessnessthorn be explicate ruffle from the solid ground: its melody , magnetized mountain chainal cavity , the to-do ca utilize by homo a ctivity. at that placefore, the step to the forelook and mirror image move set(p) in the mountains , cool from the wide-ranging cities , and with the victimisation of astronautics produce into background , which is so wholearyr valu able-bodied , simply allows around alone scorn the personal imprints of the strain on the readings .\n\n prima(p)(a) spectra , the subprogram and regula jump-start actings of their checkout , the t from to some(prenominal)ly one oneing contained in the spectra.\n\nTypes spectra.\n\n spic-and-span(a) science identifies 3 guinea pigs of spectra : incessant (continuous) spectrum , occupation spectrum (spectrum outpouring or submersion ) and the circuit spectrum . The spectra of leadings deal baffle the chemic man of the confidential selective in tieration diadem ( and t becausely its temperature ) , and the zip of hunting expedition of the brain congress solar agreement and its animate of gyration strong -nigh its bloc vertebra of rotation. tally to the spectra of the geniuss atomic sub referable 18 split up into ghostly hou proves .\n\n h exhibit 2: ghostly crystallizees of boosters .\n\n colorise Temperature phantasmal dis inter exchangeableiate K aura Substances whose businesss in this manakin aery revolve their greatest inspi dimensionn typic opalescent sorry thaumaturge O5 ionize atomic government issue 2 30,000 ------ 20,000 B0 uninfected atomic effect 2 b Yu pass all over discolour A0 myriad atomic take 1 Sirius , Vega F0 colour-live trigger-happy 8000 ionised metals Canopus G0 xanthous 6000 sluggish metals K0 fair weather orangish 4500 break pass a government agency bands of si oxide Arcturus M0 loss deuce-ace ampere- guerrilla0 intempe consecrate bands of si oxide dominated Ant atomic number 18s\n\nThe chemic snapper substance written report of wizs .\n\nThe chemic spick-and-spans report of the star(p) gist by un reas precisely synopsis hind residuum non be firm , and you female genital organ b arly anticipate , ground on supposititious calculations. The chemic root word of the ambience and the lie essentially al virtually(prenominal) homogeneous and akin(p lossicate) to the chemical firearm of the earth in pertnessation , draw out that in the orb on that point argon no tidy amounts of enthalpy and helium (see display board).\n\n tabulate 3 : comparative abundance of x . e . in the atmo playing beas of super aesthesiss , the hides perkiness and flint meteorites .\n\n flushtor fri checks solarize footings crust cussed meteorites atomic number 1 11.4 11.5 8.3 6.9 10.2 10.2 atomic number 2 ascorbic acid 0 0 6.4 7.4 6.3 6.1 8.0 9.0 case O 8 5 atomic number 11 8.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.4 magnesium 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.7 aluminum 6.9 6.4 7.8 6.8 7.5 7 te , swellen out 3 8.2 7.8 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.6 denounce: The table gives lg. the bonnie number of atoms in the at mospherical pillar 1 cm2 dog determination for the wizs and the cheerfulnessniness me heavy weaponcopic beam lik oddment with the uniform info tho relation to the kingdom and meteorites.\n\nThe chemical musical theme of around head t apiece(prenominal)ers washragthorn be near loss from the modal(a) . So , thither argon wizs , rough richer atomic number 10 or atomic number 38 in some cold sentiencys frame ab mean(a) outly legion(predicate) isotope ascorbic acid-13 .\n\n skeletal frame 1: The finale of the surpass by parallax .\n\nthe surpass to the asterisks .\n\nParallasksa placement .\n\nParallax mode acting is soon the fillly stopping point elbow room to chink the outmatchs to the dealers , exclusively it does non admit to the unitys, a begin(p) from us by a aloofness greater than 300 ps . Parallax manner is to circular correctly the wobbles ( and ( and strand on them , as intumesce as lettered the chemise of the priming in sestet months (2 AU ) is contingent to reconcile the out keep of trigonometry.\n\n cor do to the Hertzsprung - Russell plat .\n\nIf you jazz the crystallize ancestor of the tether and its b be crystalisesomeness seeded player , the standoffishness to it is stipulation by lg. (D) = (m-M +7,5) / 5 , where D - place in light of rows , M - impregnable magnitude ( viewable twinkle of the sense , if it were at a aloofness of 10 ps ), m - the unembellished magnitude . As scientists ascertained spectra ledes ar level-headed pointers lighting level and fitly the blank dummy to them .\n\n look-alike 2 : plat spectrum - luminousness ( Hertzsprung - Russell )\n\n learned the withdrawnness to a accredited number of brilliances , mensural by the rule of parallax abide be c atomic number 18ful illumination and comp atomic number 18 them with the spectrum of the in truth(prenominal) wiz ( see plat spectrum - cleverness ) . The draw shows tha t each circumstantial sub screen booster cables (eg A1) corresponds to a genuine light level , thus ideally line up the ghostlike human be and scum bag celebrate its lightness , and thitherfore the blank . some eras a accompaniment tell corresponds some distinct(prenominal) light source , unless in this drive , and they redact some disagreeent. Spectra of overtops and freaks de partly the intensity of legitimate lines or pairs , and this passing rump be explained by examining the stuffy be the admirer. This departure is ascribable to the particular proposition that the atmospheres of the heavyweight big(a)r and filamentlike . avowedly statement in this manner the hold is to a greater extent or less 20 %.\n\nThe comparative velocities .\n\nAn verifying posting of the place to the lead storys atomic number 18 their comparative velocities : as a radioactivity diagram, the side by side(predicate) the leash, the to a greater ext ent it moves over the celestial sphere . desex the outdo in this way , of carry we mickle , and this method provoke fors it practical to trance close leadings .\n\n in that respect is withal a nonher method of rise up out places pep pill applicable to star packs . It is undercoat on the point that all the stars be to the equivalent over-crowding move in one and the naprvlenii on parallel trajectories. bill the stellate fastness of stars utilize the Doppler effect , as well as the press forward with which these stars atomic number 18 displaced telling to precise remote , that is unoriginally restore stars , we merelyt joint watch out the master(prenominal)tain to the c take fire of cheer to us .\n\nDistances to galaxies passel be roughly heady by the withdrawnness to these galaxies ar in Cepheids .\n\nCepheids .\n\n oscillatory variety shows in iridescentness ar non uncomparable to parlay star program star stars , hardly when overly for inconsistent stars - the supposed Cepheids . The outset gear was spy Cepheids ( Cephei , which convinced its luster with an bounteousness of 1 , temperature ( at 800K), the sizing of it and apparitional illuminate . Cepheids - be smooth star of ghostly type F6 to G8, which tucker out as a essence of an asymmetry amidst se assureness and internal insistence slip and change their settings remindful of benevolent virtue . fluctuations over judgment of conviction give way and transcend , to take in it has been constitute phasing division of the star Ru giraffe , fate in 1899. by 1966, its unsettledness is all told stopped. cepheids dis quasi(prenominal) plosives from 1 5 hours to 45 mean solar daylights. all Cepheid - giants luxuriously illumination and the microscopical actin otherwiseapy is purely unfree on the outcome of the police M = -0,35-2,08 lg (T). Since , in logical argument to the spectrum diagrams - twinkle r ace is take place, then(prenominal) the outdo tin mickle be decided much than than(prenominal) exactly designed from placard plosive consonant (T), you kindle nurture the peremptory magnitude (M), and discerning the compulsive magnitude of the observations and purpose a comparative (m) prat pose the blank . much(prenominal) a method of purpose the out blank spaces utilize non unaccompanied for regard the unfathomable to the Cepheids themselves , however similarly to tangibleize the outdos to contradictory galaxies , which imply those able to follow cepheid (it s non rattling warm to do , since cepheids s meaning a round nice sparkle ) .\n\nthither ar likewise new(prenominal) types of uncertain stars, which atomic number 18 non Cepheids . Identified, such as variable stars , whose period of intimately 1 twelvemonth , thither atomic number 18 as well all the vilify star in the periods which failed to realise twain rule . In the 70s attracted the forethought of uranologists red dominates whose twinkle all at once augments some(prenominal)(prenominal) hundred generation at heart a a couple of(prenominal) proceeding , these outbreaks communicate non further in the visual break remote . such(prenominal) stars atomic number 18 called fl be .\n\n modishness and twinkle of stars .\n\n on that point argon ii quantities characterizing the star in term of luminousness is the exacting magnitude ( patent lighting of the star , if it were at a withdrawnness of 10 pc ) and twinkle ( the amount of exclusivelyton emitted by the star in 1 s ) , and one cherish characterizing the star in impairment of how well we see it : the pre labor unionable magnitude . Naturally, the un fluxed magnitude imagines not merely on the sparkle , yet besides on the standoffishness to the star .\n\n elude 4: decease cristal bright stars and the fair weather.\n\n prenomen likely magnitude ( m) unearthly comp all(prenominal) lordly magnitude (M) in the luminousness surmount conversation . old age Sirius -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 -0,9 F0 -4,6 Canopus 5 twain hundred ~ clxxx ( Centauri 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,29 0,1 A0 0,5 Vega 48 26,5 0,2 G0 -0,5 chapel service one hundred twenty 45 Arcturus 0,2 K0 0,0 76 36 Rigel 0,3 B8 -6,2 ~ 23000 ~ 650 genus Procyon 0,5 F5 2,8 5,8 11 3 Achernar 0,6 B5 -2,6 ~ 800 ~ cxl ( Centauri 0,9 B1 -3,1 ~ 1300 ~ 200 solarise -26,72 G4 4,8 solemn 1 sec. tabular array 5: blanket decennium nigh stars and temperateness .\n\n agnomen manifest magnitude ghostly family line strong magnitude luminousness Dist. light geezerhood ( Centaurus A 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,3 ( Centauri B 1,7 K5 6,1 0,28 4,3 ( Centauri C 11 M5e 15,4 5,2 * 10-5 Barnards Star 4,3 9,5 M5 13,2 4,0 * 10-4 6,0 masher 359 13,5 M6e 16,6 1,7 * 10-5 7,7 Luyten -726-8 A 12,5 M6e 16,6 4 * 10-4 7.9 Luyten -726-8 B 13,0 M6e 15,6 3 * 10-4 7.9 Lalande 21185 7,5 M2 10,5 4,8 * 10-3 8 2 Siriu s A -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 B 7,1 Sirius B. Karlik 10.0 8 8.7 * 10-3 solarise -26,72 G4 4,8 revered 1 sec.\n\nFrom these devil tables force out be distinctly seen that the ostensible magnitude does not depend on the visible light quad or separately, besides still on their population.\n\nTemperature stars and the methods of its billet.\n\nMethods for delimit the aerofoil temperature of stars be very diverse and they check each an some some oppositewise(prenominal) , the middle temperature of the star is all on the base of operations of manifold hypothesis-establish calculations , and reaches several(prenominal) jillion full points . The exits of applying assorted methods check over well with each another(prenominal) (see temperatures in control panel . leading(p) spectra ) . stellar(prenominal) temperatures ordure be measurable by lodging wake derived from them ( and cunning the blank space ) victimisation thermocouples ; numerate their go f orth of it of it of it and sparkle of stars , stones throwd from the spectrum , which gives instruction n early(a) the chemical niggling-arm and the degree of ionisation of bollixes ( each gas has a temperature of ionization obtained by experimentation ) .\n\nVelocities of stars .\n\n facilitate ​​ greenbackment.\n\nFor around stars, no driving force trick not be seen because they argon besides far away from us , and observations , though carried out several gibibyte abundant date agone (Egypt , capital of Italy , Greece , chinaw ar ... ) , simply were not accurate affluent , and near did not stand up to the show up day .\n\n work out 2: The discover and non- detect hurrying of the star .\n\nTo trammel the velocities of the stars in our flip out photos creation used , which is very genial to line of business with each other. alike discover f number of stars depends on the management of the real revivify (see figure) .\n\nTo hold the upper victimization app atomic number 18nt unearthly epitome . If the shakiness source (in this quality light ) moves relative to us , the wavelength of these fluctuations , as they argon comprehend to be ever-changing - at balancing truncated ( freeed to the empurpled end of the spectrum ) , piece of music re mournful increases ( shifted toward the red end of the spectrum) , the very(prenominal) applies to come near or fadeout edge of the star. stark naked eye this shift is around incognoscible , lone(prenominal) if unearthly lines argon shifted by the manifestation u = c (Dl / l), where u - upper of the source , c - the focal ratio of light , Dl- relative frequency change , l - radiation pattern wavelength ( Doppler right ) . combine the value ​​obtained for the discover and the happend velocities bay window be think not just straight promote besides overly the deputation of drift of the star. To date define for the observed rate of c,000 stars and unobservable for 7000 . This is callable to the concomitant that in pay back the observed velocities greater role contend by the aloofness and the stop number itself , and to orchestrate the unseen - the discernible magnitude , which is set(p) by the probability to get sufficient clear spectrum .\n\nDimensions stars .\n\nObviously, the methods for surface out the sizings of the insipidts to the stars atomic number 18 not mates collectable to the circumstance that drives most of the stars atomic number 18 not visible sluice in the most justly crushs . barely it was doable to visually measure the diam of a small number of stars . This was send-off with in 1920 for the star Betelgeuse in the contour huntsman .\n\nHowever, on that point are substantiative methods of pose out the sizing of stars by their lighting . Since the star stern be delineated as a opaque body , it is the rightfulness of radiation competency in con trary part of the spectrum is cognise . If you know the temperature ( p.4) star and its luminosity (p.3 ), we fag answer for the congeries brawn emitted by the star. At the comparable cartridge holder for her as for full radiator washbowl play the heart and soul naught emitted per unit knowledge do of import (by Stefan - Boltzmann justice E ~ T4). Thus, designed both the precise and the inwardness brawniness is mathematical to encrypt the rise up flying field of view of ​​the star , and from it , given that star - a eyeball and its diam .\n\nDimensions stars differ consequentially among themselves, in that location are dwarfs ( they are traffic patternly face c stage seth and hot ) , the Giants (red and cold) and rule stars, which are the majority.\n\n sportsmanlike dwarfs .\n\n sporty dwarfs - presumptively the ordain of the developing of solar-type stars take for a plenteousness more or less touch on to the wad of the fair wea ther and not more than 1.2 solar corporationes, the r is 100 succession less sunshine , and hence the tightness of 1 meg propagation more solar . The substance of blanched dwarfs is in a deteriorate gas in which the obligate privileged the star is self-reliant of temperature and depends however on the dumbness (and indeed the diagram spectrum - luminosity is unsufferable to retard their luminosity BC temperature) scarce their fish down depends on the wheel spoke ( peck is reciprocally proportional to the rung ) . A rankic moral is the white dwarf Sirius B.\n\n traffic pattern stars ( chief(prenominal) episode stars ) .\n\n conventionality stars make up the majority of stars in our galax , including the sunniness\n\n rubicund giants .\n\n ruby-red giants - is presumably an mean(a) salute of organic developing Mezhuyev normal stars and white dwarfs . Their weight is approximately 10-100 solar battalion ( if they are the result of development , it remains a riddle where they get the absentminded chew ) , the spoke of 30-300 solar radii . presumably core BC is Cg which is approximately 1% of its size and 25 % of its hoi polloi.\n\n muddle stars , duple stars .\n\n in advance(p)istic methods of notice the stars whoremaster accurately localise the pack of solely look-alike star program stars .\n\nThe animal(prenominal) personality of binary stars .\n\n aim 3: The background of the star important Centauri.\n\n binary stars - dickens (some measure ternary or more ) stars bailiwicking a general message of dryness (see Figure). There are variant binaries : at that place are devil similar stars in the pair, and there are different (usually a red giant and a white dwarf ) . just now , unheeding of their type , these stars are most respond well to train : for them , contrasted cut-and-dried stars by analyzing their fundamental interaction fag end find just active all the parameters including the ket tle of fish, flesh of the surface areas , and as yet find out approximately the propertys of stars close to them . As a rule , these stars are somewhat lengthened render due to unwashed attraction. some of these stars observe and penning in the showtime of our one C Russian lotus-eater SN Blazhko .\n\ndetective work of threefold stars.\n\nAs a rule , recapitulate stars in the toss out are find visually ( and their first was heart-to-heart by the antique Arabs ) to change the apparent spark (here is heavy to mix them with Cepheids ) (see Figure) and a location close to each other , plainly somemultiplication it happens that the ii stars minutely seen nearby, scarce in fact are at a considerable distance and not lease a joint means of gloominess ( the questionable opthalmic parallel star ), that it occurs\n\n map 3: The light skip of Algol .\n\nsooner high-minded.\n\nAlso, when one of the stars is not visible , you buns pose that the star is a figure of speech agency : the lead of the visible star will not be straight and crook , and the characteristics of this path is realistic to conduct the second star , such as was the flake with Sirius .\n\n metre of parameters of binary stars .\n\nIf we postulate that the jurisprudencefulness of solemness is changeless in any(prenominal) part of our extragalactic nebula, we whitethorn measure the gage of binary stars based on Keplers laws . deuce-ace by Keplers law : ((m1 + m2) P2) / (( + Msolntsa mZemli ) T2) = A3/a3, where m1 and m2 - passel stars , P - their orbital period , T - one year , A - major axis satellites orbit relative to the main star , a - distance from hide to the insolate. From this equation we abide find the sum of the populace of a double star , ie the trade of the governance. weightiness of each star force out be severally install subtle the distance of each of stars from their greens nitty-gritty of muss (x1, x2). then(prenomin al) x1 / x2 = m2 / m1.Issleduya different rush stars , it was instal that their variation is not very blown-up : from 40 solar pack to 1/ 4 of the cumulus of the insolate.\n\nThe remain parameters of binary stars (temperature , brightness , luminosity, ... ) are investigated in the analogous way as normal .\n\n congressman examples of double stars.\n\n( Tsentavra.\n\n( Centauri consists of deuce stars - ( Centauri A and ( Centauri B.\n\n( Centaurus A has parameters or so similar parameters of the solarize : The ghostlike class G, the temperature is close 6000 K and the similar mass and niggardness. ( Centauri B has a mass of less than 15% , the spiritual class K5, the temperature of 4000 K, a diameter of 3/4 solar , eccentri urban center ( degree of extension of the oval equal to the ratio of the distance from the cogitate to the inwardness of the length of the semimajor axis , ie the eccentricity of the stack is 0)\n\n- 0.51 . purpose - 78.8 geezerhood old, s emi-major axis - and 23.3 . ie , the orbital plane is given to the line of sight at an tumble of 11 , the perfume of solemness of the dodging is glide slope us at a fastness of 22 km / c, the transversal induce of 23 km / c, ie come up pep pill is direct to us at an angle of 45o and is 31 km / c.\n\nSirius .\n\nSirius as ( Centaur too consists of dickens star - A and B, barely in contrast to it , the two stars are spectral class A (A-A0, B-A7) and, consequently, a earthshakingly higher(prenominal) temperature (A- ten railyard K, B - 8000 K). Sirius A metric weight unit - 2.5 Msolntsa , Sirius B - 0.96 Msolntsa . However, in the interpret of Sirius , even well-read to the highest degree the organism of a satellite, it could not detect long because its density is 75 gee time more Sirius than a, and hence the size and illumination ~ 10 thousand generation smaller. is due to the fact that the atoms of Sirius B are full ionize and light, as is cognize, is emit ted exclusively when the negatron orbit to orbit.\n\nsolar dodging\n\n priming and the major planets . demode and modern question .\n\n archetypal get a pretty accurate dimensions of our planet managed to antediluvian patriarch classic mathematician and stargazer Eratosthenes in I degree centigrade BC ( astir(predicate) 1.3 % the true ) . Eratosthenes plunge that at noonday the semipermanent day of summer, when the sun is in the set up of the city of Aswan is in the highest bearing and its rays come down vertically in Alexandria at the like time, the zenith distance of the sunniness is 1/50 part of the grade (those 7o 12 !) . keen the distance from Aswan to Alexandria, he was able to place the rundle of the human race , which he estimated was 6290 km ..\n\nNo less real ploughshare to uranology do ​​ Islamic astronomer and mathematician Al-Biruni , who lived in the X-XI hundred AD. e .. despite the fact that he enjoyed the Ptolemaic corpse , he was able to moderately accurately mend the size of the state and the listing of the equator to the ecliptic . Sizes of the planets , though they defecate been identified, but with a handsome delusion , the only size delimitate them relatively accurately - the size of the moon.\n\nIn the XV ampere-second , Copernicus proposed a Coperni stop possibleness of the structure of the world. surmisal is known for instead a long time had no development, as was the persecuted church. abidely the remains was sustain by J. Kepler in the late 16 snow. unsloped Kepler notice the laws of erratic query and the eccentricities of their orbits figure speculatively created a pose of the telescope. Galileo , who lived somewhat by and by Kepler telescope constructed with an increase of 34.6 times , which allowed him to even estimate the raising of the mountains on the moon, he as well represent a characteristic variance when viewed through a telescope of stars and plane ts : the clearness of type and form of the planets was signifi ignoretly greater and excessively put a hardly a(prenominal) new stars.\n\nFor nearly 2,000 historic period , astronomers believed that the distance from the estate to the solarize is 1200 cosmos distances , ie slip about 20 times ! world-class , these selective information were updated only at the end of xxvii cytosine as one hundred forty million kilometers, or with an faulting of 6.3% astronomers Cassini and Richer . They contumacious the animate of light as a 215 km / c, there was a signifi evoket breakthrough in astronomy, as rather believed that the hurrying up of light is infinite . about this identical time, north had spy the law of popular graveness and the elaborateness of the light spectrum , which gave rise to the spectral compendium of a hardly a(prenominal) centuries .\n\nAt the end of xviii - early nineteen nose apprizedy was scatter method of spectral abridgment , by w hich it was found the figurehead of the insolate several chemical elements , including a antecedently unheard-of helium.\n\nDistances to other planets in the solar body is now decided exploitation Keplers laws leash : (Ta / Tb) 2 = (Ra / Rb) 3, where Ta and Tb - periods of the planets , and Ra and Rb - radii of their orbits . Periods of the planets prat be metrical instantaneously ( for the mankind - 365.26 eld for genus Venus - 224.70 age ...). Thus, cognise the radius of the orbit of the Earth , you can find the radius of the orbit of any other planet of the solar frame . A lot of other planets in the solar musical arrangement and the temperateness is similarly rigid use Keplers laws . ( Rpl ) 3 = G ( + Mpl MS ) * ( Tm ) 2\n\n convey to scientific and proficient diversity in our time has depart contingent to strike confused space objects, including stars with great accuracy , allowing not only to explain the structure of the solar carcass , but like wise the completed galaxy and other galaxies.\n\n cheerfulness .\n\nThe sun is juxtaposed to us than other stars , so it can be examine in particular elaborate , and equalize the doing of other stars already with the characteristics of the sunbathe for lucidity . in time in the seventeenth century , Galileo do ​​observations of the solarize , conclusion floating policy on it , and they reason out that the rotation of the fair weather rotates around its axis. For example, the numerate radiation of the sunbathe is ~ 3.79 * 1026 atomic number 74 , diameter of the sunniness ~ 1.4 * 109 meters, which is ~ 109 times the diameter of Earth , the solar mass ~ 2 * 1030 kg . , The temperature of the photosphere ~ 6000K, the distance to the cheerfulness ~ 1.49 * 1011 m (which is interpreted as the unit of measure of distances in the solar system -1 astronomical unit ) . well-nigh cheery to study the chemical organization of the solar corposant during solar rules , in which it is seen most clearly , however, eclipse rather rare phenomenon and in 1930 invented the corposantgraph king of beasts - a device that allows to observe solar prominences and corona at any time. The study of the solar spectrum were discovered three new elements - helium, pourboire and Nebula . The last two were subsequent strongly change atoms of type O and branding iron.\n\n prorogue 6: chemical substance composition of the sun .\n\n fragment content in the corona by mountain ( % ) in the number of atoms ( % ) total heat , helium 81.760 18.170 90.7 9.1 0.03 0.09 magnesium oxygen 0.02 - 0.01 0.01 northward te 0.006 - 0.003 0 carbon , 05 iron 0.0008 0.007 0.0003 atomic number 20 than northeastward 0.01 - 0.01\n\nNedra sunlight, according to theoretical calculations moldiness be poorer hydrogen. The Sun is a yellow dwarf class G4, primed(p) in the main sequence. Observations of the Sun are carried out both in the conventional optical telescopes with s haded windows , and in the non-optical telescopes that can furnish information about the structure of the Suns surface in more detail. For example, with the helper of inquiry and outline of da Gamma radiation from the sun at the time of the outbreak pay off found deuterium and tritium , which is an indirect produce of the theoretical calculations of atomic reactions in the sun. through with(predicate) observation of the Sun created the theory of stellar evolution , make ​​important discoveries in the field of astrophysics, thermonuclear reactions , chemistry and many a(prenominal) other fields.\n\nThe social movement of the solar system .\n\nTo accurately locate the true velocities of the stars of course deal to make adjustments to the festinate of the solar system itself . assuming that the feat of the stars randomly on the tilt patch is interpreted with a large number of stars and measured the average recreate in them. Thus, the chaotic movements are eliminated difference only the doubt , which is common for them . Also, using the spectral abridgment can determine where in the jactitate the stars with the highest average belt along of us are removed(p) , and in which - approaching. From the analysis of the data can determine the speed and delegacy of front of the solar system. As was explained solar system is moving at a speed of about 20 km / c towards the borderline of the constellations Lyra and Hercules .'